Darasi na 98-9: Ma'aunin Matakin Wutar Lantarki na LED Ta Amfani da Arduino ko Hasken Tafiya da Na'urar Auna Wuta

Darasi na 98-9: Ma'aunin Matakin Wutar Lantarki na LED Ta Amfani da Arduino ko Hasken Tafiya da Na'urar Auna Wuta

Wannan aikin yana nuna maka yadda za a gina na'urar auna matakin wutar lantarki da ke amfani da LED biyar a matsayin nunin jadawalin mashaya, wanda Arduino da potentiometer guda ɗaya ke tafiyar da shi gaba ɗaya. Yayin da kake juya ƙwanƙwasa, Arduino na karanta canjin wutar lantarki a kan fil analog kuma yana kunna LED ɗaya ga kowace volt, don haka jeren fitilun a zahiri yana "tafiya" sama da ƙasa tare da ƙwanƙwasa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi bayyana fahimta don fahimtar shigarwar analog, domin kana iya ganin juyin analog-zuwa-dijital yana faruwa a ainihin lokaci a matsayin mashayar haske ta zahiri.

Ƙimar da wannan ke bayarwa ta wuce nuna haske kawai. Da zarar ka fahimci yadda ake daidaita wutar lantarki da aka auna zuwa jerin abubuwan fitarwa, za ka iya sake amfani da wannan tsarin daidai don kayan auna na gaske. Misali, za ka iya gina:

• Nunin cajin baturi da ke nuna sauran ƙarfin bankin wutar 12 V ko USB a matsayin jeren LED.
• Ma'aunin matakin tankin ruwa, inda firikwensin iyo ke fitar da wutar lantarki daidai da zurfi.
• Nunin mashayar zafin jiki ta amfani da firikwensin zafin jiki na analog kamar LM35.
• Ma'aunin ƙarfin sigina ko matakin sauti don mai karɓar rediyo ko amplifier.
• Karanta firikwensin mai sauƙi don kowane mai canza analog 0–5 V (matsi, haske, matsayi).
• Binciken wutar lantarki na tebur don duba layukan wuta ba tare da allon multimeter ba.

Domin ana lissafta ma'auni a matsayin kaso na wutar allon, wannan lambar ɗaya tana aiki a kan allon 5 V kamar Uno da Mega da kuma allon 3.3 V da canji na layi ɗaya kawai.

Kayan Aiki da Abubuwan Da Ake Buƙata

Jerin sassan da gangan kaɗan ne, kuma an bayyana komai a farkon ɓangaren bidiyon (a bidiyo a 01:54). Za ka buƙaci:

• Allon Arduino ɗaya (Uno, Nano, ko Mega).
• LED biyar, daidai launi ɗaya domin mashayar ta karanta a fili, ko da yake gauraye launuka suna aiki sosai.
• Resistor biyar masu iyakance wutar lantarki. Koyarwar tana amfani da resistor 1 kΩ, amma kowane abu daga kusan 300 Ω zuwa 1 kΩ zai yi aiki; ƙimar da ta fi girma tana sa LED ɗin yin duhu kawai (a bidiyo a 05:33).
• Potentiometer ɗaya. Duk nau'in ƙwanƙwasa mai juyawa da nau'in zamewa an nuna su (a bidiyo a 02:19).
• Breadboard da wayoyi na tsalle.

Bayani mai sauri game da LED ɗin kanta, tunda yana da mahimmanci ga waya: LED diode ne, don haka yana gudanarwa ta hanya ɗaya kawai. Gefen da ya yi lebur na jikin robobi, da ƙafar da ta fi guntu, ita ce cathode (korau). Ƙafar da ta fi tsayi ita ce anode (tabbatacce). Koyarwar tana bayyana wannan alama da siffar zahiri dalla-dalla (a bidiyo a 02:39).

Ƙimar resistor ba ta zuwa kawai. LED yana sauke kusan 2 V, kuma ƙananan nau'ikan 3 mm da 5 mm suna ɗaukar kusan 10 mA. Tare da wutar 5 V, sauran 3 V dole ne a sauke su a kan resistor, don haka dokar Ohm tana ba da R = 3 V / 0.01 A = 300 Ω. Wannan ita ce ƙimar mafi girman haske; amfani da 1 kΩ zaɓi ne mai aminci, ɗan duhu kaɗan (a bidiyo a 04:41).

Jagorar Waya

Sashen LED na waya daidai yake da aikin haske mai tafiya na baya: kowane anode na LED yana haɗuwa da fil dijital nasa, kuma kowane cathode yana wucewa ta resistor zuwa layin ƙasa gama gari. A cikin koyarwar an haɗa LED ɗin zuwa fil 7, 6, 5, 4, da 3 (a bidiyo a 43:04).

Potentiometer shine kawai sabon sashe. Filayensa na waje biyu suna zuwa layukan wuta biyu — fil ɗaya na waje zuwa ƙasa ɗayan kuma zuwa 5 V (ko 3.3 V idan kana auna tsarin 3.3 V). Fil na tsakiya, wanda ake kira wiper, shine fitarwa kuma dole ne ya haɗu da fil analog A0 (a bidiyo a 43:30). Wiper shine ke samar da canjin wutar lantarki: yayin da kake juya ƙwanƙwasa, wiper yana zamewa a kan hanya mai juriya kuma wutar da yake bayarwa tana canzawa a hankali tsakanin layukan biyu.

Wani muhimmin bayani: idan ka cire potentiometer yayin da kewaye ke aiki, fil analog zai kasance a buɗe kuma LED ɗin za su yi kyalli ba da gangan ba. An nuna wannan hali a cikin bidiyon (a bidiyo a 48:52) kuma tunatarwa ce mai kyau cewa shigarwar analog koyaushe tana buƙatar tushen wutar lantarki da aka ayyana.

Bayanin Lambar

Lambar gajera ce kuma yawancinta a bayyane yake, don haka wannan sashe yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan sassan da za ka so ka canza. Duk waɗannan saitunan suna saman sketch ɗin.

Ma'anar fil. Waɗannan suna gaya wa Arduino filayen da LED ɗin da potentiometer suka haɗu da su. Idan ka yi waya da LED ɗinka daban, canza waɗannan lambobin su dace — tsari yana da mahimmanci, domin LED1 shine mafi ƙarancin ma'auni kuma LED5 mafi girma.

const int potPin = A0;//define a pin to connect potentiometer
const int LED1 = 7;
const int LED2 = 6;
const int LED3 = 5;
const int LED4 = 4;
const int LED5 = 3;

Wutar lantarki na allo. Wannan ita ce ƙima mafi muhimmanci da za a daidaita daidai. Ita ce ma'aunin da ake lissafta kowane matakin ƙofa da shi. Sanya shi 5.0 don Uno ko Mega, kuma 3.3 don Nano mai 3.3 V ko makamancin allo. Idan ka bar shi ba daidai ba, kowace LED za ta kunna da wutar da ba daidai ba (a bidiyo a 44:19).

float boardVoltage= 5.0;//for UNO and MEGA 5.0V for Nano either 5V or 3.3V

Nunin wutar lantarki ta Serial. Sanya wannan zuwa true don buga wutar da aka auna zuwa Serial Monitor a 9600 baud, wanda yake da matuƙar amfani yayin daidaitawa. Sanya shi false don rufe fitar da sauti da zarar komai ya yi aiki.

boolean showVoltage = true;//true or false to read voltage in serial monitor

Yadda juyawa ke aiki. Mai juyawa daga analog zuwa dijital na Arduino yana mayar da lamba daga 0 zuwa 1023, saboda mai juyawa ne na 10-bit (2¹⁰ = 1024 matakai). Lambar tana daidaita wannan lambar danyar zuwa ainihin wutar lantarki ta amfani da wutar allo a matsayin ma'auni. Wannan shine layin da za a tuna idan ka taɓa komawa zuwa allo na 12-bit kamar Due, inda za ka raba da 4095 maimakon.

int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
float voltage = sensorValue * (boardVoltage / 1023.0);

Dabarar ƙofa. Maimakon sanya wutar lantarki kai tsaye, kowane mataki ana bayyana shi a matsayin kashi na wutar allo. A 95% ko sama da haka, duk LEDs biyar suna haskakawa; sama da 80% huɗu kawai; da sauransu har zuwa 20%, inda LED ɗaya ke haskakawa. Wannan hanyar kashi ita ce ke sa sketch ɗin iya aiki tsakanin allon 5 V da 3.3 V ba tare da sake rubuta kwatancen ba.

if (voltage >= boardVoltage*0.95)
{
      digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);
}

Saboda lambar tana amfani da else if, reshe ɗaya ne kawai ke gudana a kowane zagaye na loop, don haka adadin LEDs daidai ne kawai ke kunne a lokaci ɗaya. Jinkirin 50 ms a ƙarshen kowane loop yana hana nunin yin firgita.

Aikin Rayuwa da Nunawa

Bayan an loda sketch ɗin, buɗe Serial Monitor a 9600 baud sannan ka juya knob ɗin a hankali. Wutar da aka buga da sandar LED suna bin juna sosai: a kusan 1 V LED ɗaya na kunne, a 2 V biyu na kunne, da sauransu har zuwa kusan 4.8 V inda duk biyar ke kunne (a bidiyo a 47:37). Karatun yana zuwa cikin 'yan ɗari na volt na ƙimar da ake tsammani, wanda yake da kyau sosai ga mai juyawa na 10-bit.

Idan matakan sun yi kama da ba daidai ba, yawanci resistors ne ba lambar ba. Koyarwar ta lura cewa resistors na carbon-film na yau da kullum suna ɗauke da haƙuri na 10%, yayin da nau'in blue metal-film yawanci 1% ne kuma suna ba da matakai mafi tsauri da daidaito (a bidiyo a 48:18).

Hakanan za ka iya musanya potentiometer na juyawa da potentiometer na zamewa kuma ka sami irin wannan hali da jinin layi, wanda kyakkyawan zaɓi ne idan kana shirin sanya mita a cikin panel (a bidiyo a 49:07).

Idan kana so ka motsa hasken da hannu maimakon da knob, an rufe hakan a Darasi 98-8: Hasken Tafiya da Maɓallin Turawa da LEDs da Arduino. Kuma idan kawai kana so LEDs su yi tafiya da nasu lokaci, duba Darasi 98-7: Hasken Tafiya Ta Amfani da Arduino da LEDs 5.

Ayyukan da suka danganci wannan bidiyo

• Darasi 98-1: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED da Arduino
• Darasi 98-2: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED Ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-3: Yadda ake Kunna/Kashe LED Mai Juyawa Ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-4: Fade Hasken LED Ta Amfani da Arduino: Sarrafa Haske
• Darasi 98-5: Fade Hasken Lokacin da Aka Danna Maɓalli Ta Amfani da Arduino
• Darasi 98-6: Wasan LED Seesaw da Arduino
• Darasi 98-7: Hasken Tafiya Ta Amfani da Arduino da LEDs 5
• Darasi 98-8: Hasken Tafiya da Maɓallin Turawa da LEDs da Arduino
• Darasi 98-10: Hasken Hanya na Arduino

Babi

• [00:00] Bayanin ayyukan LED 10
• [02:29] Tushen LED, alamomi, da lissafin resistor
• [42:25] Gabatarwa ga mita matakin wutar LED
• [43:04] Haɗa LEDs da potentiometer
• [43:54] Bayanin lambar sandar wutar lantarki
• [44:19] Saita ma'aunin wutar allo
• [46:00] Dabarar ƙofa da matakan kashi
• [47:14] Nunawa: karanta wutar lantarki da sandar LED
• [48:18] Haƙurin resistor da daidaito
• [49:07] Amfani da potentiometer na zamewa

Hotuna

wiring for Arduino walking light LEDs

Schematic for Arduino walking light LEDs

5 LEDs a kan breadboard tare da resistor mai zamewa da aka nuna an haɗa su da Arduino UNO

wiring for Arduino walking light LEDs

Schematic for Arduino walking light LEDs

5 LEDs a kan breadboard tare da resistor mai zamewa da aka nuna an haɗa su da Arduino UNO

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