Kashi 98-5: Hasken da ke Dushewa Lokacin da Aka Danna Maɓalli ta Amfani da Arduino

Kashi 98-5: Hasken da ke Dushewa Lokacin da Aka Danna Maɓalli ta Amfani da Arduino

A cikin wannan darasi za ka gina haske da ke dushewa bisa umarni: danna maɓallin turawa sannan LED ɗin ya fara da cikakken haske, sannan ya ragu a hankali har ya kashe. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi amfani dabarun farko a Arduino domin yana haɗa shigarwar dijital (maɓallin) da fitarwar analog ta PWM (hasken LED), kuma yana koya maka yadda ake sarrafa saurin da santsin canji maimakon kawai kunna ko kashe wani abu.

Dushewa bisa buƙata yana bayyana a ko'ina cikin samfuran gaske. Ga ƴan hanyoyi masu amfani da za ka iya amfani da abin da ka koya a nan:

• Fitilun nuni na kashewa a hankali — maimakon fitila ta kashe ba zato ba tsammani, tana raguwa a hankali sa'ad da ka danna maɓalli, wanda yake da kyau sosai a kan kayan aiki da kwano da aka buga ta 3D.
• Yanayin barci / jira — danna maɓalli sannan LED mai haske na matsayi ya dushe zuwa baki don kada ya dame ka da dare, yayin da da'irar ta kasance tana aiki.
• Hasken mataki ko samfurin "dushewa zuwa baki" — maɓalli ɗaya yana haifar da dushewar santsi na igiyar LED ko panel maimakon yankewa ba zato ba tsammani.
• Amsa ta tanadin baturi — danna maɓalli na ɗan lokaci yana ba ka walƙiya mai haske ta tabbatarwa wadda ke dushewa, don haka LED ɗin yana da cikakken haske na ɗan gajeren lokaci kawai.
• Fasaha da kayan wasan kwaikwayo masu mu'amala — tasirin "numfashin fita" da taɓawa ke haifarwa, wanda ya dace da cosplay, dioramas, ko nunin kayan tarihi.

Tushen tunanin abu ne mai sauƙi: maɓallin yana gaya wa Arduino "fara dushewa yanzu," sannan Arduino yana tafiyar da hasken LED daga 255 (cikakke) zuwa 0 (kashe) cikin ƙananan matakai. Domin matakan ƙanana ne kuma suna faruwa da sauri, idanunka suna ganin dushewa mai santsi maimakon tsalle.

Idan ba ka taɓa dushewa LED ba a baya, sarrafa hasken da ke ƙasa an yi bayaninsa a Darasi 98-4: Dushewar Hasken LED Ta Amfani da Arduino: Sarrafa Haske. Wannan darasi ya ginu kai tsaye a kan wannan tushe ta hanyar ƙara maɓallin turawa a matsayin mai jawo.

Kayan Aiki da Abubuwan Da Ake Buƙata

Wannan gini ne mai arha sosai — duk abin da ke nan kayan aikin farko ne na yau da kullum:

• Allon Arduino (Uno, Nano, Mega, ko kowane allon da ya dace)
• LED ɗaya (5 mm ko 3 mm, kowane launi)
• Maɓallin turawa ɗaya (na ɗan lokaci, nau'in taɓawa mai fil huɗu yana aiki sosai)
• Resistor ɗaya don LED ɗin — daga 200 Ω zuwa 1000 Ω (na gargajiya 220 Ω ko 330 Ω ya fi dacewa)
• Allon breadboard da wayoyi na DuPont
• Igiyar USB don shirye-shirye (da baturi ko adaftar 5 V idan kana so ya yi aiki ba tare da igiya ba)

Wata 'yar bayani kan resistor ɗin LED: LED yana buƙatar kusan 2 V a kansa da kusan 10 mA na wutar lantarki. Da wutar 5 V, resistor ɗin dole ya sauke sauran 3 V, don haka dokar Ohm ta ba da kusan 300 Ω. Duk wani abu daga 300 Ω zuwa 1000 Ω zai yi aiki — ƙimar da ta fi girma tana sa LED ɗin ya fi dushewa. Amfani da resistor ba zaɓi ba ne; in ba shi ba LED ɗin zai ja wutar da ta wuce kima kuma ya ƙone.

Jagorar Haɗawa

Haɗawar an yi ta da gangan a taƙaice. Anode na LED (ƙafar da ta fi tsayi) tana haɗawa ta resistor ɗin zuwa fil na dijital 3, sannan cathode ɗinsa (ƙafar da ta fi guntu, wadda gefen da ya yi lebur yake a jikin) yana zuwa ƙasa. Maɓallin turawa yana haɗawa tsakanin fil na dijital 2 da ƙasa — ba a buƙatar resistor na waje na ja sama domin lambar tana kunna ja saman ciki na Arduino.

Ka kula da iyakar LED: gefen da ya yi lebur na jikin robobi da ƙafar da ta fi guntu suna nuna cathode (korau). Idan ka saka shi a baya, LED ɗin ba zai haskaka ba — babu lalacewa, kawai juya shi.

Game da maɓallin turawa, idan kana amfani da maɓallin taɓawa mai fil huɗu, ka tuna cewa filayen suna haɗe biyu-biyu a ciki: biyu daga cikin fil huɗun suna haɗe da juna koyaushe. Yi amfani da multimeter a yanayin ci gaba don nemo biyun da suke yin ƙara sa'ad da aka danna, sannan yi amfani da fil ɗaya daga kowane gefe. Gefe ɗaya yana zuwa fil 2, ɗayan kuma zuwa ƙasa.

Bayani kan Lambar

Sketch ɗin gajere ne, kuma kusan duk abin da za ka so ka canza yana cikin ƴan layuka a saman. Ga sassan da mai amfani zai iya daidaitawa:

const int pushButtonPin = 2;//the pin push button switch is connected to 
const int LEDPin = 3;//the pin LED is connected to
const int fadeAmount = 10;    // how many points to fade the LED by
const int fadeSpeed = 5;//fade time in milliseconds. the smaller the value, the faster the fading

pushButtonPin da LEDPin suna gaya wa Arduino tashar da ka haɗa abubuwa da ita. Idan ka matsar da maɓallin zuwa tasha 4 ko LED zuwa tasha 9 (tashar da ke iya PWM), kawai canza waɗannan lambobi biyu don su dace da haɗin ka. Lura cewa tashar LED dole ta goyi bayan PWM — a kan Uno wannan yana nufin tashoshi 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, ko 11 — saboda fading yana buƙatar analogWrite().

fadeAmount yana sarrafa girman kowane mataki na haske. Haske yana gudana daga 0 zuwa 255, don haka fadeAmount na 10 yana nufin LED yana duhuwa cikin kusan matakai 25. Lamba mafi girma yana sa fading ya zama mai kauri da sauri; ƙaramin lamba yana sa ya zama mai santsi da jinkiri.

fadeSpeed shine jinkirin da ake yi a milliseconds tsakanin kowane mataki. Wannan shine maɓallin mafi mahimmanci guda ɗaya don yadda tasirin yake ji. Ƙimar 5 ms tana ba da fading mai sauri; ƙimar 30 ms ko fiye tana ba da duhuwa mai jinkiri da daɗi. Haɗe da fadeAmount, waɗannan ƙimomin biyu suna ba ka damar daidaita fading zuwa ainihin yanayin da kake so.

Akwai kuma wani canji na ciki da ya kamata ka sani game da shi:

int brightness = 255;    // how bright the LED is
int pushButtonStatus = 0; // push value from pin 2

brightness yana farawa daga 255, ma'ana LED yana farawa da cikakken haske duk lokacin da ka danna maɓallin. Idan kana son fading ya fara daga wuri mai duhu — misali, rabin haske — canza wannan zuwa 128.

Dabarar kanta tana aiki kamar haka: loop ɗin yana karanta maɓallin. Idan an danna shi (LOW, saboda internal pull-up), while loop yana gudana muddin brightness ya fi sifili. A cikin wannan loop ɗin Arduino yana rubuta hasken yanzu zuwa LED, yana cire fadeAmount, yana jira fadeSpeed milliseconds, sannan yana maimaitawa. Lokacin da ba a danna maɓallin ba, ana rubuta LED zuwa 0 kawai kuma ya kasance a kashe.

Wani muhimmin bayani: internal pull-up yana nufin tashar tana karanta HIGH lokacin da ba a danna maɓallin ba kuma LOW lokacin da an danna shi. Shi ya sa code ɗin yake duba LOW don gano dannawa. Idan ka taɓa canzawa zuwa external pull-down resistor, kana buƙatar canza wannan kwatancen zuwa HIGH.

Aikin Project da Nunawa

Da zarar an loda shi, halin yana bayyana nan take kuma yana da daɗi. Danna maɓallin sai LED ya yi tsalle zuwa cikakken haske, sannan a bayyane yake yana duhuwa har ya kai sifili cikin lokacin da kake sarrafawa. Saki maɓallin sai LED ya yi duhu; danna kuma sai fading ya sake farawa daga cikakken haske.

A cikin bidiyon an nuna fading a saituna da yawa don ka ji kuma ka ga bambanci. Tare da fadeAmount = 20 fading yana da sauri kuma mai girma — yana kaiwa sifili cikin ƴan matakai da ake gani. Saukowa zuwa fadeAmount = 10 yana sassauta shi sosai, kuma zuwa fadeAmount = 3 yana sa fading ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo sosai kuma ya zama kamar ci gaba. Ƙimar fadeSpeed tana da tasiri mai girma daidai: saita shi zuwa 1 ms yana sa fading ya zama kusan nan take, yayin da manyan ƙimomi suna miƙa shi.

Gwada wannan gwaji: saita fadeAmount = 5 da fadeSpeed = 30. Za ka sami duhuwa mai jinkiri da taushi wanda yake kama da haske yana yin barci. Sannan saita fadeAmount = 50 da fadeSpeed = 1 don yanke mai ƙarfi da sauri. Babu wanda "ba daidai ba" — komai game da yanayin da kake so ne.

Halin juyawa na maɓallin guda ɗaya an yi bayaninsa daban a Darasi 98-3: Yadda ake Kunna/Kashe Toggle LED ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino, kuma mafi sauƙin sigar danna-don-haskakawa tana cikin Darasi 98-2: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino.

Saboda fading ana jawo shi ta hanyar taɓawa na ɗan lokaci, wannan da'irar guda ɗaya ta dace sosai don tuka relay ko MOSFET maimakon LED — za ka iya yin fading na fitilar 12 V, soft-start na mota, ko dumama na heating element. Maɓallin shine kawai mai jawo; abin da za ka yi fading shi ne naka.

Ayyukan da suka danganci wannan bidiyon

• Darasi 98-1: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED da Arduino
• Darasi 98-2: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-3: Yadda ake Kunna/Kashe Toggle LED ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-4: Fading na Hasken LED ta Amfani da Arduino: Sarrafa Haske
• Darasi 98-6: Wasan LED Seesaw da Arduino
• Darasi 98-7: Hasken Tafiya ta Amfani da Arduino da LED 5
• Darasi 98-8: Hasken Tafiya da Maɓallin Turawa da LED da Arduino
• Darasi 98-9: Ma'aunin Matakin Wutar Lantarki na LED ta Amfani da Arduino ko hasken tafiya da potentiometer
• Darasi 98-10: Hasken Hanya na Arduino

Babi

• [00:00] Bayanin ayyukan LED guda 10
• [01:00] Gabatarwa ga kwas ɗin Arduino mataki-mataki
• [02:29] Tushen LED: alamomi, polarity, da current
• [03:49] Lissafin resistor na LED da dokar Ohm
• [05:53] Aiki na 1: Kunna da kashe LED
• [12:43] Aiki na 2: LED tare da maɓallin turawa
• [17:13] Aiki na 3: Juya LED da maɓallin turawa
• [20:12] Aiki na 4: Faduwar LED
• [23:20] Aiki na 5: Faduwar LED da maɓallin turawa
• [27:32] Aiki na 6: LED na seesaw
• [30:47] Aiki na 7: Hasken tafiya
• [36:41] Aiki na 8: Hasken tafiya da maɓallin turawa
• [42:25] Aiki na 9: Mitar matakin wutar lantarki na LED
• [49:25] Aiki na 10: Hasken zirga-zirgar Arduino

Hotuna

Arduino wiring for LED with a push button switch

Arduino schematic for LED with a push button switch

LED-5mm-green

330_ohm_resistor

LED tare da resistor a kan breadboard an haɗa su da Arduino tare da maɓallin turawa

Arduino wiring for LED with a push button switch

Arduino schematic for LED with a push button switch

LED-5mm-green

330_ohm_resistor

LED tare da resistor a kan breadboard an haɗa su da Arduino tare da maɓallin turawa

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