Kashi 98-4: Dimar Hasken LED Ta Amfani da Arduino: Sarrafa Haske

Kashi 98-4: Dimar Hasken LED Ta Amfani da Arduino: Sarrafa Haske

LEDs suna ko'ina — alamomi, nuni, hasken ado — amma yawancin masu farawa suna tsayawa ne kawai wajen kunna da kashewa. Wannan aikin ya ɗauki mataki na gaba: sannu-sannu shuɗewar LED ciki da waje ta amfani da ikon PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) na Arduino. Maimakon ƙyalli mai tsanani, kuna samun haɓaka da faɗuwa a hankali a cikin haske wanda ke kwaikwayon duhun yanayi, tasirin numfashi, da sarrafa kamar analog daga fil mai dijital kawai. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko mafi gamsarwa saboda kuna iya ganin sakamakon nan take, kuma wannan dabarar ita ce tushen sarrafa saurin mota, ƙarar sauti, da duhun hasken baya a cikin samfuran gaske.

Da zarar kun fahimci shuɗewa, zaku iya amfani da shi ga ayyuka masu amfani da yawa:

• Ƙirƙirar alamar matsayi ta "numfashi" akan na'ura da ke bugawa a hankali maimakon ƙyalli mai ɗaukar hankali
• Duhun fitilar dare ta LED ta atomatik bisa hasken yanayi ko lokacin rana
• Sarrafa hasken hasken baya akan nuni na LCD ko OLED
• Gina hasken yanayi ko fitilu na ado tare da sauye-sauye masu santsi tsakanin matakan haske
• Kwaikwayon agogon faɗakarwar fitowar rana mai jinkiri wanda ke ƙaruwa a hankali don tada ku cikin yanayi
• Ƙara sarrafa sauri ga ƙananan motocin DC ko magoya baya (ka'idar PWM ɗaya ta shafi)

Wannan koyaswar wani ɓangare ne na Darasin Mataki-da-Mataki na Robojax Arduino, kuma musamman ya shafi Aiki na 4 cikin 10: Shuɗewar Hasken LED Ta Amfani da Arduino. Ana samun cikakken shirin don saukewa a ƙasan labarin.

Kayan Aiki da Abubuwan Haɗi

Jerin sassan wannan aikin kaɗan ne — idan kun taɓa yin wani aikin Arduino a baya, wataƙila kuna da duk abin da kuke buƙata:

• 1× allon Arduino (Uno, Nano, Mega, ko kowace allon da ta dace)
• 1× LED (5mm ko 3mm, kowane launi)
• 1× Resistor (200Ω zuwa 1000Ω — kewayon 300Ω zuwa 1kΩ yana aiki da kyau)
• Allon biredi da wayoyin jumper na DuPont
• Kebul na USB don shirye-shirye da wuta

Wata muhimmiyar bayani game da LED: ƙafar da ta fi tsayi ita ce anode (tabbatacce), kuma gajeriyar ƙafar — ko gefen da ke da gefen lebur akan kwandon filastik — ita ce cathode (korau). Juya wannan yana nufin LED ɗin ba zai haskaka ba, don haka duba sau biyu kafin kunna wuta.

Don ƙimar resistor, rubutun yana bin lissafin a (a cikin bidiyo a 03:49): LED na yau da kullun yana faɗuwa kusan 2V kuma yana buƙatar kusan 10mA na halin yanzu. Tare da wutar 5V, sauran 3V dole ne a faɗu a kan resistor, yana ba da R = V/I = 3V / 0.01A = 300Ω. A aikace, duk wani abu daga 300Ω har zuwa 1000Ω zai yi aiki — ƙimar mafi girma kawai tana samar da LED mai duhu. Don shuɗewa, wannan a zahiri yana da kyau, tunda kuna canza haske ko ta yaya.

Jagorar Haɗawa

Haɗin yana da sauƙi kamar yadda ya kamata. Anode na LED yana haɗawa ta hanyar resistor zuwa fil mai iya PWM akan Arduino — a cikin wannan aikin, fil 3. Cathode yana haɗawa da ƙasa.

Me yasa fil 3 musamman? Saboda ba duk filayen Arduino ke goyan bayan PWM ba. A yawancin allon Arduino, filayen da ke iya PWM ana yi musu alama da alamar tilde (~) — yawanci filaye 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, da 11 akan Uno. Idan kun yi amfani da fil mara PWM, analogWrite() ba zai samar da fitarwa mai canzawa ba; LED ɗin zai kasance a kunne ko a kashe kawai.

Haɗa da'irar kamar haka:

1. Saka LED ɗin cikin allon biredi, lura da wace ƙafa ce anode (mafi tsayi) da wace ce cathode (mafi guntu/gefen lebur).
2. Haɗa anode na LED zuwa fil 3 na Arduino ta hanyar resistor.
3. Haɗa cathode na LED zuwa fil GND na Arduino.
4. Toshe Arduino cikin kwamfutarka ta USB.

Bayanin Lambar

Zanen wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan misalin "Fade" na Arduino na gargajiya, tare da ƴan gyare-gyare. Maimakon bayanin kowane layi, bari mu mai da hankali kan sassan da kuke so ku daidaita don gwaje-gwajenku.

Masu Canjin da Mai Amfani Zai Iya Daidaitawa

A saman lambar, masu canji uku suna sarrafa duk halin:

int led = 3;           // fil ɗin PWM da LED ɗin ke haɗe da shi
int brightness = 0;    // yadda LED ɗin yake haskakawa
int fadeAmount = 3;    // maki nawa za a shuɗe LED ɗin da su

• led — Wannan yana bayyana wace fil ɗin LED ɗin ke haɗe da ita. Tsoho shine fil 3, amma zaka iya canza shi zuwa kowane fil mai iya PWM (wanda aka yiwa alama da ~ a kan allonka). Idan ka matsar da LED ɗin zuwa wani fil daban, sabunta wannan darajar don dacewa.
• brightness — Wannan shine matakin haske na yanzu, daga 0 (a kashe) zuwa 255 (cikakken haske). Lambar tana farawa da 0, amma zaka iya farawa daga kowane wuri a cikin wannan kewayon.
• fadeAmount — Wannan shine mafi ban sha'awa da za ka iya gwadawa. Yana sarrafa yawan matakan haske da ake ɗauka a kowane zagaye. Ƙaramin daraja kamar 3 yana haifar da sannu-sannu, a hankali fade. Babban daraja kamar 20 yana sa LED ɗin yayi sauri sosai cikin fadewa da fita. Rubutun yana nuna wannan a (a cikin bidiyo a 22:37) — canzawa daga 5 zuwa 20 yana ƙara saurin tasirin sosai.

Yadda Fadewa Ke Aiki

Tsakiyar fadewar tana faruwa ne a layi biyu a cikin loop():

analogWrite(led, brightness);
brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;

Kowane zagaye ta cikin loop ɗin, ana rubuta darajar haske ta yanzu zuwa LED ɗin ta amfani da analogWrite(), sannan a ƙara hasken da fadeAmount. Aikin analogWrite() yana amfani da PWM don kwaikwayon wutar lantarki ta analog — yana saurin kunna da kashe fil ɗin, kuma rabon lokacin kunna zuwa lokacin kashe yana ƙayyade hasken da ake gani.

Lokacin da haske ya kai 0 ko 255, lambar tana juya alkibla ta hanyar juya alamar fadeAmount:

if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {
  fadeAmount = -fadeAmount;
}

Wannan shine yake sa LED ɗin yayi fade ciki, sannan yayi fade waje, sannan yayi fade ciki kuma — zagayen numfashi mai ci gaba. delay(30) a ƙarshen loop ɗin yana sarrafa saurin gaba ɗaya na motsin. Ƙaramin jinkiri yana sa fade ɗin yayi sauri; dogon jinkiri yana rage shi.

Gwaji da Darajojin

Masu canji biyu suna ba ka mafi yawan iko akan tasirin gani:

• Ƙara fadeAmount don fade mai sauri, mai ban mamaki. Gwada 10 ko 20.
• Rage fadeAmount don sannu-sannu, tasirin numfashi mai laushi. Gwada 1 ko 2.
• Daidaita darajar delay() don canza takin lokaci. Ƙananan jinkiri suna sa dukan zagayen yayi sauri; manyan jinkiri suna miƙa shi.

Haɗa ƙaramin fadeAmount da gajeren jinkiri yana haifar da fade mai santsi sosai, kusan na halitta — mai kyau don hasken yanayi. Babban fadeAmount da gajeren jinkiri yana haifar da tasirin bugawa mai sauri.

Nunin Aikin Kai Tsaye

Da zarar an loda lambar, za ka ga LED ɗin yana haskakawa sannu-sannu daga kashe zuwa cikakken haske, sannan yana duhuwa baya, yana maimaitawa har abada. Rubutun yana nuna halin tsoho a (a cikin bidiyo a 22:25) — fade mai santsi, matsakaicin sauri.

Lokacin da aka canza fadeAmount zuwa 20, LED ɗin yana fade ciki da waje da sauri sosai — kusan kamar walƙiya. Lokacin da aka saita zuwa 3, fade ɗin yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa, yana haifar da miƙa mai annashuwa, a hankali. Ana nuna wannan a fili a cikin bidiyon a (a cikin bidiyo a 23:02).

Kyawun wannan aikin shine zaka iya ganin tasirin canje-canjen lambarka nan take — babu buƙatar canza wayoyi, kawai gyara masu canjin sannan ka sake lodawa. Wannan madauki na amsa mai kusa yana sa ya zama hanya mai kyau don gina fahimta kan yadda PWM da lokaci suke hulɗa.

Idan kana so ka ci gaba da wannan ta hanyar kunna fade ɗin da maɓallin turawa maimakon barin shi yayi gudu ci gaba, an rufe wannan a wani koyarwa daban — duba sashen ayyukan da suka danganci da ke ƙasa.

Ayyukan da suka danganci daga wannan bidiyon

• Darasi 98-1: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED da Arduino
• Darasi 98-2: Yadda ake Kunna da Kashe LED ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-3: Yadda ake Kunna/Kashe LED Mai Juyawa ta Amfani da Maɓallin Turawa da Arduino
• Darasi 98-5: Fade Hasken Lokacin da Aka Danna Maɓalli ta Amfani da Arduino
• Darasi 98-6: Wasan LED na Seesaw da Arduino
• Darasi 98-7: Hasken Tafiya ta Amfani da Arduino da LED 5
• Darasi 98-8: Hasken Tafiya da Maɓallin Turawa da LED da Arduino
• Darasi 98-9: Ma'aunin Matakin Wutar Lantarki na LED ta Amfani da Arduino ko hasken tafiya da potentiometer
• Darasi 98-10: Hasken Hanya na Arduino

Babi

• [00:00] Bayanin ayyukan LED 10 na Arduino
• [01:22] Gabatarwa ga kwas ɗin da kayan da ake buƙata
• [02:29] Fahimtar LED: alamomi, polarity, da nau'ikan
• [03:49] Lissafin darajar resistor na LED ta amfani da dokar Ohm
• [05:53] Aiki 1: Kunna da kashe LED
• [12:43] Aiki 2: Sarrafa LED da maɓallin turawa
• [17:13] Aiki 3: LED mai juyawa da maɓallin turawa
• [20:12] Aiki 4: Fade LED — bayanin lambar
• [22:25] Nunin fade da daidaita saurin fade
• [23:20] Aiki 5: Fade LED da jan maɓallin turawa
• [27:32] Aiki 6: Tasirin LED na Seesaw
• [30:47] Aiki 7: Hasken tafiya da LED 5
• [36:41] Aiki 8: Hasken tafiya da maɓallin turawa ke sarrafawa
• [42:25] Aiki 9: Ma'aunin matakin wutar lantarki na LED da potentiometer
• [49:25] Aiki 10: Hasken hanya na Arduino

Hotuna

Arduino wiring for LED with resistor

Arduino schematic for LED

Arduino wiring for two LEDs see saw

Arduino schematic for two LEDs see saw

LED-5mm-green

330_ohm_resistor

Arduino wiring for LED with resistor

Arduino schematic for LED

Arduino wiring for two LEDs see saw

Arduino schematic for two LEDs see saw

LED-5mm-green

330_ohm_resistor

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