Kwas 2 na 10: Python na asali don tuki Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit

Kwas 2 na 10: Python na asali don tuki Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit

Wannan ilimin ba don mota mai wayo kawai ba ne. Ka'idojin da za ka koya a nan su ne wadanda ake amfani da su a cikin ayyuka da yawa na gaske a duniya. Kana iya amfani da wadannan fasahohin don:

• Sarrafa greenhouse na gida ta atomatik don sarrafa fanfo, famfo, da fitilu bisa bayanan firikwensin.
• Gina tsarin tsaro na musamman wanda ke kunna ƙararrawa ko aika sanarwa.
• Ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen fasaha masu mu'amala da muhalli.
• Haɓaka halayen mutum-mutumin ka na musamman fiye da wadanda aka riga aka tsara.

Kayan aiki/Abubuwan haɗi

Don bin misalan kayan aiki a cikin wannan darasi, za ka buƙaci wadannan abubuwan. Dukansu suna cikin SunFounder Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit, amma ana iya saya su daban don gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu.

• Raspberry Pi Pico: Kwakwalwar microcontroller na aikin.
• LED: Ana amfani da shi don nuna sarrafa fitarwa na dijital.
• Resistor (150Ω - 330Ω): Don iyakance wutar lantarki da kare LED.
• Jumper Wires: Don yin haɗi a kan breadboard.
• Breadboard: Don ƙirƙirar da'irar ka.

Jagorar Haɗi

Don nunin kayan aiki a cikin wannan darasi, za mu gina da'ira mai sauƙi don sarrafa LED tare da Raspberry Pi Pico. Haɗin yana da sauƙi kuma shine matakin farko na gargajiya a cikin lissafin jiki. Muhimmin abu shine a yi amfani da resistor mai iyakance wutar lantarki don hana LED ƙonewa. Resistor an haɗa shi a jere tare da LED. Doguwar ƙafar LED (anode) ita ce haɗin tabbatacce, kuma gajeriyar ƙafa (cathode) ita ce haɗin mara kyau.

A cikin bidiyon, mai koyarwa yana amfani da resistor da aka haɗa zuwa fil ɗin ƙasa da gajeriyar ƙafar LED. Doguwar ƙafa an haɗa shi zuwa GPIO fil 22. Wannan saitin yana ba Pico damar aika sigina mai girma (3.3V) zuwa fil don kunna LED da sigina mara ƙarfi (0V) don kashe shi.

Lura: An nuna zanen haɗi a cikin bidiyon. Da fatan za a koma ga jagorar gani don ainihin wuri.

Bayanin Code

Wannan darasi yana mai da hankali kan ainihin syntax da dabaru na Python, wanda ke da mahimmanci don sarrafa mutum-mutumin ka. Bari mu raba muhimman ra'ayoyin da aka tattauna a cikin bidiyon. Misalan code an rubuta su ne a cikin MicroPython, sigar Python da aka tsara don gudana akan microcontrollers kamar Raspberry Pi Pico.

Masu Canji da Nau'ikan Bayanai

Masu canji suna kama da akwatuna masu lakabi inda kake adana bayanai. A cikin Python, ba ka buƙatar bayyana nau'in mai canji; ana fahimtar shi daga ƙimar da ka sanya. (a cikin bidiyo a 03:33)

age = 23  # Wannan integer ne
name = "Ahmad"  # Wannan string ne (rubutu)
pi = 3.14  # Wannan float ne (lamba mai ƙima)

Kana iya amfani da wadannan masu canji a cikin lissafi da buga ƙimar su. Misali, don lissafin adadin kwanaki a cikin shekarun da aka bayar, kana iya amfani da days = age * 365. Aikin print() ana amfani da shi don nuna fitarwa zuwa console.

Maganganun Sharuɗɗa (If/Else)

Maganganun sharuɗɗa suna ba code ka damar yanke shawara. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga mutum-mutumi don amsa muhallinsa, kamar tsayawa lokacin da ya gano cikas. (a cikin bidiyo a 07:39)

age = 16
if age >= 17:
    print("Kana iya tuƙi")
else:
    print("Ka yi ƙanƙanta don tuƙi")

Magana ta if tana duba sharadi. Idan sharadin True ne, to za a aiwatar da toshe code da ke ƙasa da shi. Idan False ne, code da ke ƙarƙashin magana ta else zai gudana. Indentation (sarari a farkon layi) yana da mahimmanci a cikin Python; yana bayyana wane code yake cikin wane toshe.

Loops (For da While)

Ana amfani da loops don maimaita toshe code. Wannan ya dace da ayyuka kamar duba ƙimar firikwensin ko motsa mota ta jerin matakai. (a cikin bidiyo a 09:04)

For Loop: Wannan loop yana maimaita adadin lokuta na musamman.

for x in range(5):  # x zai zama 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
    print(x)

While Loop: Wannan loop yana ci gaba muddin sharadi gaskiya ne. Wannan yana da amfani don ƙirƙirar babban loop na shirin da ke gudana har abada har sai wani lamari na musamman ya faru. (a cikin bidiyo a 12:13)

x = 9
while x > 5:
    print("Ƙimar x ita ce:", x)
    x = x - 1  # Rage x
print("Loop ya ƙare")

Yi hankali da loops na while True:. Za su gudana har abada sai dai idan ka yi amfani da magana ta break don fita daga loop ko ka dakatar da shirin.

Ayyuka

Ayyuka toshe code ne da za a iya sake amfani da su waɗanda ke yin wani aiki na musamman. Suna taimakawa wajen tsara code ka da hana maimaitawa. (a cikin bidiyo a 14:52)

def calculate_days(years):
    days = years * 365
    return days

# Yanzu za mu iya amfani da wannan aikin sau da yawa
days_in_10_years = calculate_days(10)
print("Kwanaki a cikin shekaru 10:", days_in_10_years)

A nanan, calculate_days aiki ne da ke ɗaukar gardama (years) kuma ya dawo da ƙima. Wannan ya fi inganci fiye da rubuta wannan lissafin akai-akai. Bidiyon kuma ya nuna yadda aiki ɗaya zai iya kiran wani, yana ba ka damar gina ayyuka masu rikitarwa daga sassa masu sauƙi waɗanda za a iya gwadawa.

Jerin (Lists)

Ana amfani da jerin don adana tarin abubuwa cikin tsari. Wannan ya dace don adana jerin umarni don robot ɗinka, kamar "gaba", "baya", "hagu", da "dama". (a cikin bidiyo a 19:15)

move = ["gaba", "baya", "hagu", "dama", "tsaya"]
print(len(move))  # Yana buga adadin abubuwa a cikin jerin (5)
print(move[0]) # Yana buga abu na farko, "gaba"

# Kana iya ƙara abubuwa
move.append("dutse")
# Kana iya cire abubuwa
move.pop()  # Yana cire "dutse"
# Kana iya canza abubuwa
move[2] = "tashi"  # Yana canza abu na uku zuwa "tashi"

Jerin suna da sifili-indexed, ma'ana abu na farko yana a index 0. Aikin len() yana ba ka tsawon jerin, kuma kana iya amfani da madauki na for don wucewa ta duk abubuwa. Aikin enumerate() kuma an gabatar da shi, wanda ke ba ka duka index da ƙima yayin madauki, wanda ke da amfani don aiki da pins da yawa ko na'urori masu auna.

Aiki da Pins da Lokaci

Wannan shine inda kake haɗa dabaru na Python zuwa duniyar zahiri. Kana amfani da ɗakin karatu na machine don sarrafa GPIO pins na Pico. (a cikin bidiyo a 25:16)

from machine import Pin
import time

# Saita pin 22 a matsayin fitarwa
led = Pin(22, Pin.OUT)

# Kunna da kashe LED
led.on()
time.sleep(1)
led.off()
time.sleep(1)

Kana iya karantawa daga pin ta hanyar saita shi a matsayin shigarwa tare da Pin(2, Pin.IN). Ɗakin karatu na time yana da mahimmanci don ƙara jinkiri (time.sleep()) da kuma auna lokacin da ya wuce ta amfani da time.ticks_ms() ko canzawa tsakanin tsarin lokaci tare da time.localtime() da time.mktime(). Wannan yana da mahimmanci don dabaru na tushen lokaci, kamar ƙirƙirar siginar pulse-width modulation (PWM) don sarrafa saurin mota.

Aiki na Kai Tsaye/Nunawa

A cikin bidiyon, mai koyarwa yana ba da nunin kai tsaye na waɗannan dabaru. Ya fara da nuna sauƙaƙan maganganun print() da sanya masu canji a cikin mai fassara na Python. Sannan ya ci gaba zuwa misalai masu rikitarwa, yana nuna a gani yadda maganganun if ke canza tsarin shirin bisa ƙimar mai canji.

Mai koyarwa sannan ya nuna misali na kayan aiki mai amfani ta hanyar haɗa LED zuwa Raspberry Pi Pico. Ya rubuta sauƙaƙan rubutun MicroPython wanda ke kunna da kashe LED tare da jinkiri na daƙiƙa ɗaya, yana nuna sakamakon kai tsaye na sarrafa fitarwa ta zahiri tare da lamba. Wannan misali na hannu yana ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin dabaru na shirye-shirye da aiki na zahiri. Darasin ya ƙare ta hanyar nuna yadda ake amfani da enumerate don sarrafa pins da yawa da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin time don ayyukan lokaci da tsarawa na ci gaba.

Babuka

• [00:00] Gabatarwa zuwa Kwasa-kwasan Motar Smart Raspberry Pi Pico
• [01:31] Bayanin Kwasa-kwasan da Iyawar Kit
• [03:33] Masu Canji da Nau'ikan Bayanai a Python
• [07:39] Maganganun Sharuɗɗa (If/Else)
• [09:04] Fahimtar Madaukai na For
• [12:13] Binciken Madaukai na While
• [14:52] Ayyana da Amfani da Ayyuka
• [19:15] Aiki da Jerin da Tsarin Bayanai
• [25:16] Sarrafa GPIO Pins tare da MicroPython
• [29:54] Misali na Aiki: Kyafta LED
• [31:15] Sarrafa Pin na Ci gaba tare da Enumerate
• [31:24] Aiki da Ayyukan Lokaci