Kwas 1 na 10: Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit daga SunFounder ta Robojax

Kwas 1 na 10: Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit daga SunFounder ta Robojax

Gabatarwa

Barka da zuwa darasi na farko na kwas ɗin Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit daga SunFounder, wanda Robojax ya gabatar. An tsara wannan kwas ɗin don ɗauke ka daga buɗe cikakken kayan aikin robotics zuwa sarrafa mota mai ƙafafu huɗu gaba ɗaya ta amfani da MicroPython. Wannan ba kawai haɗa abin wasa ba ne; tafiya ce ta ilimi mai cikakken bayani wadda ke koya maka tushen microcontrollers, na'urori masu auna, sarrafa motoci, da sadarwa mara waya.

A ƙarshen wannan kwas ɗin, za ka iya ginawa da tsara mota mai hankali mai amfani da yawa wadda za ka iya amfani da ita ga ayyuka daban-daban. Ƙwarewar da kake koya a nan tana aiki kai tsaye ga ayyukan robotics da sarrafa kai na gaske.

Ga kaɗan daga cikin ayyuka masu amfani da za ka iya ginawa da wannan kayan aikin:

• Robot mai guje wa cikas kai tsaye: Shirya motar don ta zagaya ɗaki da kanta, ta amfani da na'urar ultrasonic don gano da guje wa bango da kayan daki.
• Bot mai bin layi don isar da kaya: Saita hanya kuma sa motar ta bi layi don kwaikwayi tsarin isar da wasiƙa ko kayayyaki a cikin ɗakin aiki ko ofis.
• Robot mai gano gefe don tsaro: Yi amfani da fasalin gano dutse don ƙirƙirar robot wanda zai iya sintiri a gefen tebur ko counter ba tare da faɗuwa ba.
• Mota mai sarrafa motsin hannu: Aiwatar da fasalin "bin hannu" don ƙirƙirar robot wanda ke amsa motsin ka ba tare da remote ba, kyakkyawar gabatarwa ga sarrafa kusanci.
• Motar sa ido mai sarrafa nesa: Yi amfani da app ɗin wayar hannu don tuƙa motar a kusa da gidanka yayin da take watsa bayanan na'urori, a matsayin dandamalin kyamarar tsaro mai motsi mai daɗi.

Abin da Za Ka Koya a Wannan Kwas ɗin na Darasi 10

An tsara wannan kwas ɗin don gina iliminka a hankali. Kowane darasi yana mai da hankali kan wani fanni na musamman na kayan aikin, daga saitin asali zuwa fasali na ci gaba. Ga rabe-raben abin da za ka cimma:

• Darasi na 1 (Wannan Darasi): Gabatarwa ga kayan aikin da fasali, da saita kwamfutarka a karon farko.
• Darasi na 2: Shigar da software ɗin da ake buƙata da koyan umarnin Python guda goma na asali don shirya ka don coding.
• Darasi na 3: Bincike mai zurfi kan aikin kowane muhimmin ɓangaren kayan aiki da yadda ake gwada su daban.
• Darasi na 4: Jagora mai mataki-mataki don haɗa kayan aikin smart car a jiki.
• Darasi na 5: Lambar motsi ta farko ta gaske, koyon yadda ake sa motar ta tafi gaba, baya, da juyawa.
• Darasi na 6: Shirya fasalin "Kada Ka Tura Ni", wanda ke amfani da na'urorin gano dutse don gano gefuna da ja da motar baya.
• Darasi na 7: Aiwatar da bin layi don motar ta bi hanya da aka riga aka ayyana.
• Darasi na 8: Ƙirƙirar yanayin "bin hannu" inda motar ke bin motsin hannunka.
• Darasi na 9: Haɗa dukkan fasali cikin cikakken shirin guje wa cikas.
• Darasi na 10: Haɗa motar zuwa na'urar wayar hannu ta hanyar app ɗin don cikakken sarrafa mara waya.

Kayan Aiki da Abubuwan Haɗi

A wannan darasin, muna buɗe akwatin mu duba abubuwan da ke zuwa tare da SunFounder Raspberry Pi Pico 4WD Smart Car Kit. Fahimtar abin da kowane ɓangare ke yi yana da mahimmanci ga darussan shirye-shiryen da ke gaba. Bari mu duba abin da ke cikin kunshin (a cikin bidiyo a 04:32).

Kayan aikin ya haɗa da:

• Raspberry Pi Pico Microcontroller: "Kwakwalwar" motar. Wannan allo ɗin ya dogara ne akan guntuwar RP2040 kuma yana da haɗin Micro-USB don shirye-shirye da wutar lantarki. Yana da maɓallin turaw don zaɓin boot da fil ɗin GPIO da yawa waɗanda za ka yi amfani da su don haɗa na'urori masu auna da motoci (a cikin bidiyo a 08:01).
• Babban Allon Sarrafa: Allon faɗaɗa na musamman wanda ke haɗa Pico kuma yana ba da sauƙin haɗi ga motoci da na'urori masu auna.
• Motocin DC 4 da Ƙafafu 4: Waɗannan suna ba da damar tuƙi na ƙafafu huɗu (4WD), suna ba motar ƙarfi da iya motsi.
• Na'urar Ultrasonic HC-SR04: Ana amfani da ita don guje wa cikas. Tana auna nisa ta hanyar aika raƙuman ultrasonic da ƙididdige lokacin da suke ɗauka don dawowa.
• Na'urar Layi mai Tashoshi 3 na Grayscale: Wannan na'urar ana amfani da ita don bin layi. Tana iya bambanta tsakanin layi mai duhu da farfajiya mai haske, tana ba motar damar bin hanya.
• Na'urar Photo Interrupter mai Tashoshi 2: Wannan ɓangare ne na tsarin gano dutse, ana amfani da shi don gane lokacin da motar ke shirin faɗuwa daga gefe.
• Fitilun RGB na 8-bit: LEDs masu adireshi waɗanda za a iya shirya su don nuna launuka da yawa don amsawar gani.
• Motar Servo: Ana amfani da ita don juya na'urar ultrasonic hagu da dama don duba cikas.
• Akwatin Baturi 18650 da Kayan Aiki: Don ba da wutar lantarki ga motar ba tare da waya ba.

Saitin Software da Shigarwa

Kafin mu fara shirye-shirye, muna buƙatar saita yanayin ci gabanmu. Wannan kwas ɗin yana amfani da Thonny, Integrated Development Environment (IDE) wanda ya dace sosai ga masu farawa da ke koyon MicroPython. Yana samuwa ga Windows, Mac, da Linux (a cikin bidiyo a 07:03).

Shigar da Thonny

Don farawa, sauke sabon sigar Thonny daga gidan yanar gizon hukuma kuma bi umarnin shigarwa. Tsari ne mai sauƙi. Da zarar an shigar, za ka iya buɗe shi kuma zaɓi yaren da kake so. Kwas ɗin yana ba da shawarar amfani da yanayin "Raspberry Pi", wanda za ka iya zaɓa lokacin da ka fara buɗe shirin ko canza shi daga baya a cikin saitunan (a cikin bidiyo a 10:56).

Shigar da MicroPython akan Pico

Raspberry Pi Pico na bukatar a shigar da firmware na MicroPython domin ya fahimci lambar Python. Ga yadda ake yin shi a cikin Thonny (a cikin bidiyo a 14:42):

1. Haɗa Pico ɗinka zuwa kwamfutarka ta amfani da kebul na Micro-USB. Domin shiga yanayin bootloader, riƙe maɓallin BOOTSEL a kan Pico yayin da kake toshe kebul na USB (a cikin bidiyo a 13:10).
2. A cikin Thonny, danna kusurwar ƙasa-dama kuma zaɓi "Install MicroPython...".
3. Zaɓi "Raspberry Pi Pico" a matsayin na'urar da aka yi niyya kuma danna "Install". Thonny zai kunna firmware na MicroPython a kan allo ɗinka.

Loda Fayilolin Laburaren Mota

Kayan aikin mota mai wayo ya dogara da jerin fayilolin laburare da aka riga aka rubuta waɗanda ke sarrafa ƙananan matakan sarrafawa na motoci, na'urori masu auna sigina, da LEDs. Kana buƙatar sauke fayilolin kwas ɗin daga hanyar haɗin da aka bayar a cikin bayanin bidiyo kuma ka cire babban fayil ɗin ZIP (a cikin bidiyo a 12:13).

Da zarar an cire shi, za ka sami babban fayil ɗin da ke ƙunshe da fayilolin laburare da ake buƙata. Domin loda waɗannan zuwa Pico ɗinka:

1. A cikin Thonny, je zuwa babban fayil ɗin da aka cire kuma zaɓi fayilolin laburare guda uku (misali, Pico4WD.py, rdp.py, da ws.py).
2. Danna dama a kan fayilolin da aka zaɓa kuma zaɓi "Upload to /". Wannan zai kwafa su zuwa tushen kundin na Raspberry Pi Pico ɗinka (a cikin bidiyo a 16:37).

Bayanin Lambar

Domin tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki daidai, muna rubuta gwajin "blink" mai sauƙi. Wannan shine "Hello World" na shirye-shiryen kayan aiki. Yayin da rubutun ya ba da misali na rayuwa, za ka rubuta wannan lambar da kanka a cikin Thonny. Wannan gwajin yana tabbatar da cewa Pico yana sadarwa da kwamfutarka kuma kana iya sarrafa filayensa na fitarwa.

Asalin lambar gwajin an nuna shi a ƙasa. Wannan ɓangaren da mai amfani zai iya daidaitawa ne inda za ka iya canza halayen LED:

from machine import Pin, Timer

# Mai amfani zai iya daidaitawa: Lambar fil ɗin LED ɗin da ke kan allo
led_pin = 25

# Mai amfani zai iya daidaitawa: Yawan bugun a cikin Hertz (sau a cikin daƙiƙa)
blink_frequency = 2.5

led = Pin(led_pin, Pin.OUT)
timer = Timer()

def blink(timer):
    led.toggle()

timer.init(freq=blink_frequency, mode=Timer.PERIODIC, callback=blink)

Ga yadda za ka iya daidaita wannan lambar:

• led_pin: Wannan maɓallin yana bayyana wane fil ɗin LED ɗinka yake haɗe da shi. A kan Raspberry Pi Pico, LED ɗin da ke kan allo yawanci yana haɗe da fil 25. Kana iya canza wannan lambar idan kana son haɗa LED na waje zuwa wani fil na GPIO daban.
• blink_frequency: Wannan shine saurin da LED ke bugawa. Ƙimar 2.5 tana nufin LED zai kunna da kashe sau 2.5 a cikin daƙiƙa. Kana iya gwada ƙimomi daban-daban:
  • Saita shi zuwa 1 don bugun da yake a hankali, wanda ake iya gani.
  • Saita shi zuwa 10 don bugun mai sauri.
  • Saita shi zuwa 50 ko 60 kuma bugun ya zama mai sauri sosai har ya zama kamar yana kunne koyaushe ga idon ɗan adam (a cikin bidiyo a 19:49).

Domin gudanar da wannan lambar, kawai danna maɓallin "Run" (ikon kunnawa mai kore) a cikin Thonny. Ya kamata ka ga LED ɗin da ke kan allo a kan Pico ɗinka ya fara bugawa. Domin dakatar da shi, danna maɓallin "Stop" (ikon murabba'i mai ja).

Nunin Aikin Kai Tsaye

A cikin bidiyon, malami Ahmad Shamshiri yana nuna cikakken tsari na saita software da gudanar da gwajin blink. Yana nuna yadda ake shigar da Thonny, kunna firmware na MicroPython, da loda fayilolin laburare da ake buƙata. Daga nan ya rubuta lambar blink kuma ya gwada ƙimomin bugu daban-daban, yana nuna yadda halayen LED da ake gani ke canzawa daga bugu na musamman zuwa haske mai tsayayye yayin da ƙimar ke ƙaruwa (a cikin bidiyo a 15:17).

Wannan gwajin mai nasara muhimmin mataki ne. Yana tabbatar da cewa Raspberry Pi Pico ɗinka yana aiki daidai, firmware na MicroPython an shigar da shi, kuma kana shirye don ci gaba zuwa darussa masu rikitarwa da suka shafi sarrafa mota da na'urori masu auna sigina.

Babuka

• [00:00] Gabatarwar Kwas ɗin da Bayani
• [01:13] Tsarin Kwas ɗin da Fasaloli
• [04:32] Buɗe Kayan Aikin Mota Mai Wayo
• [07:03] Saukewa da Shigar da Thonny IDE
• [08:01] Gabatarwa ga Raspberry Pi Pico
• [12:13] Saukewa da Cire Fayilolin Kwas ɗin
• [14:42] Shigar da MicroPython a kan Pico
• [15:17] Loda Fayilolin Laburare zuwa Pico
• [17:30] Rubuta da Gwada Lambar Blink
• [19:49] Gwada Ƙimomin Bugu Daban-daban na Blink