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ESP32 Project: Build a Secure, Long-Range LoRa Chat Device Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 on N33

Esta lección es parte de: Introducción a WiFi LoRa

ESP32 Project: Build a Secure, Long-Range LoRa Chat Device Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 on N33

Build a Secure, Off-Grid LoRa Messenger with a Custom Keyboard

In a world that relies on constant connectivity, what do you do when the Wi-Fi is down, the power is out, and cellular service is gone? This project tackles that exact problem by creating a completely self-sufficient, off-grid communication device that allows you to send and receive secure, private text messages over distances of up to 13 miles (21km) or even more.

This device is a practical tool for emergency preparedness, outdoor adventures like hiking, or simply for anyone interested in building a robust, private communication network that they control. Using a powerful Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3 module packed inside a durable Meshnology N33 case with a long-lasting 3000mAh battery, this project is built for real-world use. The most unique feature is its keyboard—a simple rotary encoder that provides an intuitive and reliable way to type messages anywhere, anytime.


How It Works: The Magic of LoRa and a Rotary Encoder

The project combines three key concepts to create a functional messenger:

  • LoRa Radio: LoRa (Long Range) is a radio technology that allows for communication over vast distances with very little power. Unlike Wi-Fi or cellular, it operates on license-free radio frequencies, meaning there are no SIM cards or monthly fees involved. Our device operates as a full transceiver, meaning it can both send and receive messages. When idle, it listens for incoming packets. After sending or receiving a message, it puts the radio to sleep momentarily to conserve power before returning to listening mode.
  • Rotary Encoder Keyboard: Instead of a bulky or power-hungry keyboard, we use a simple rotary encoder for text input. Rotating the knob cycles through a complete character set (A-Z, a-z, numbers, and symbols). The interface is surprisingly fast and responsive, allowing you to easily compose messages. The encoder's built-in push-button has three functions:
    • Short Press (Click): Adds the selected character to your message.
    • Long Press (Hold): Adds a space, like a spacebar.
    • Double-Click: Acts as a backspace to delete the last character.
  • Transceiver & Display Logic: The device has two main modes: "Compose" and "Read". You type your message in Compose mode. When a new message arrives, a notification appears on the screen (>> NEW MSG <<). You can then press the onboard User Button (on the Heltec board) to switch to Read mode and view the message. Another press switches you back to Compose mode to type your reply. All messages are secured using AES encryption, ensuring your conversations remain private.

Components and Parts List

To build this project, you will need the following components. As mentioned in the video, purchasing through affiliate links is a great way to support creators.

  • Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3 Module
  • Meshtastic N33 Case with 3000mAh Battery
  • 915MHz or region-appropriate LoRa Antenna
  • Rotary Encoder Module (5-pin with VCC, GND, CLK, DT, SW)
  • Optional (for audio alerts):
    • 5V Active Buzzer
    • 2N2222 NPN Transistor
    • 1kΩ Resistor
  • Pin Headers and Jumper Wires
  • Soldering Iron and accessories

Setting Up Your Arduino IDE

Before you can upload the code, you need to configure the Arduino IDE with the correct boards and libraries. This process is detailed in the video starting around 05:38.

Step 1: Install the ESP32 Boards

If you haven't already, you need to add support for ESP32 microcontrollers.

  1. Open the Arduino IDE, go to File > Preferences.
  2. In the "Additional boards manager URLs" field, add the following URL: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-pages/package_esp32_index.json
  3. Go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager....
  4. Search for esp32 and install the package by Espressif Systems.

Step 2: Add the Heltec ESP32 Board Support

  1. In File > Preferences, add the Heltec JSON URL on a new line in the "Additional boards manager URLs" box (the video shows how to do this at 06:27): https://github.com/Heltec-Aaron-Lee/WiFi_Kit_series/releases/download/0.0.7/package_heltec_esp32_index.json
  2. Go back to Tools > Board > Boards Manager....
  3. Search for Heltec ESP32 and install the package.

Step 3: Install Required Libraries from Library Manager

Using the Arduino Library Manager (Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries...), search for and install the following libraries:

  1. Ai Esp32 Rotary Encoder: The specific library used for our responsive keyboard.
  2. Heltec ESP32 Dev-Boards: The official library for the Heltec hardware.
  3. Adafruit GFX Library: A dependency for the OLED display.

Step 4: Install the Robojax Helper Library from .ZIP

As explained in the video at 18:53, a custom helper library is used for this project. You must install it from a .zip file.

  1. Download the "Robojax HealthTech Lora 32" .zip library from the link provided on the resources page.
  2. In the Arduino IDE, click on Sketch > Include Library > Add .ZIP Library....
  3. Navigate to where you saved the downloaded .zip file, select it, and click "Open".
  4. The library will be installed and ready to use.

After installing everything, make sure you select the correct board from the menu: Tools > Board > Heltec ESP32 Arduino > Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3.


Wiring the Components

You will need to solder pin headers to your Heltec board to connect the rotary encoder. As shown in the video (11:25), careful planning is needed to ensure the pins are accessible once the board is in its case.

Helte_Wifi_LoRA_Rotary_Encoder

Diagram 1: Core Messenger (Rotary Encoder Only)

Connect the 5 pins from the rotary encoder module to the Heltec board as follows:

  • GND on encoder → GND on Heltec board
  • VCC on encoder → 3.3V on Heltec board
  • SW (Switch) → GPIO 4
  • DT (Data/Pin B) → GPIO 6
  • CLK (Clock/Pin A) → GPIO 5
Helte_Wifi_LoRA_Rotary_Encoder with buzzer

Diagram 2: Adding an Audible Alert (Buzzer Circuit)

To get an audible beep when a new message arrives, you can add a simple transistor circuit. This is necessary because the ESP32's pins cannot provide enough current to drive a buzzer directly.

  • Connect GPIO 40 from the Heltec board to one end of the 1kΩ resistor.
  • Connect the other end of the resistor to the Base pin of the 2N2222 transistor.
  • Connect the Emitter pin of the transistor to GND.
  • Connect the positive (+) leg of the 5V buzzer to the 3.3V pin on the Heltec board.
  • Connect the negative (-) leg of the buzzer to the Collector pin of the transistor.

Understanding and Customizing the Code

The provided code is ready to upload, but there are a few key settings you should be aware of so you can customize the project. These definitions are at the top of the code.


// Defines for physical pin connections
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_A_PIN 5 //pin A of rotary encoder
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_B_PIN 6 //pin B of rotary encoder
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_BUTTON_PIN 4 //switch pin of rotary encoder
#define BUZZER_PIN 40 //the buzzer pin or relay to be triggered
const bool DEBUG = false;

// Defines for LoRa and Security settings
#define RF_FREQUENCY 915432000 //operating frequency of LoRa
#define TX_OUTPUT_POWER 2 //output power should be between 2 to 21 in dBm. 
const char *userKey = "xxxBg^Tr%43232";//security key for private communication
  • ROTARY_ENCODER_...: These pins define where you connected your rotary encoder. Make sure these numbers match your wiring from the diagrams above.
  • BUZZER_PIN: This defines which pin will trigger the buzzer circuit.
  • RF_FREQUENCY: This is the LoRa operating frequency in Hertz. The value 915432000 (915 MHz) is standard for North America. You must change this value according to your region (e.g., 868MHz for Europe, 433MHz for Asia). All devices that want to communicate must use the same frequency.
  • TX_OUTPUT_POWER: This is the transmission power in dBm. It can range from 2 to 20. A lower number like 2 is perfect for short-range testing and saves a significant amount of battery. For maximum range, you can increase this value, but be aware that higher power drains the battery much faster.
  • userKey: This is your private encryption key. It can be any combination of characters. All devices must have the exact same key to decrypt each other's messages. Change this to your own unique and secret password.

Get the Code

The complete and final Arduino code for this project, as referenced in the video, is available for download on this page.

Video Chapters

  • 00:00 - Introduction
  • 00:56 - Project Outline
  • 01:29 - Components Overview
  • 05:25 - Unboxing and Hardware Assembly
  • 11:19 - Case Modification for External Wires
  • 15:06 - Wiring Guide
  • 15:38 - Arduino IDE and Library Setup
  • 20:21 - Code Settings Explained
  • 21:38 - How to Use the Rotary Encoder to Chat
  • 24:26 - Live Range Test
785-Secure, Long-Range LoRa Chat Device Heltec WiFi LoRa 32
Idioma: C++
/*
 * Proyecto ESP32: Construir un dispositivo de chat LoRa seguro y de largo alcance Heltec WiFi LoRa 32
 * 
 * Archivo: Heltec_ESP32_LoRa_V3_chat_TX_RX.ino
 * escrito el 29 de junio de 2025 por Ahmad Shamshiri www.Roboajx.com
 * Por favor, mira el video tutorial en: https://youtu.be/IsOSvrF60J4
 * Página de recursos para este video: https://robojax.com/RJT642
 * 
 * =====================================================================
 * DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CÓDIGO ARDUINO: TRANSCEIVER DE TECLADO LoRa SEGURO (sistema de chat)
 * =====================================================================
 * 
 * COMPONENTES DE HARDWARE:
 * -------------------
 * - Controlador principal: Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3
 * - Caja: Estuche Meshnology N33 con batería de 3000mAh
 * - Entrada: Encoder rotativo con botón
 * - Retroalimentación: Pantalla OLED integrada
 * 
 * FUNCIONALIDAD DEL SISTEMA:
 * -------------------
 * NUEVOS CONTROLES:
 * - Perilla de rotación: Seleccionar carácter.
 * - Presión corta (clic): Agregar carácter seleccionado.
 * - Presión larga (mantener): Insertar un espacio (como una barra espaciadora).
 * - Doble clic: Retroceso.
 * 
 * [2] TRANSMISIÓN WIRELESS SEGURA:
 * - Todos los mensajes encriptados antes de la transmisión LoRa
 * - Comando de posición inicial transmitido como paquete seguro especial
 * - Utiliza la banda LoRa de 433MHz/915MHZ para una comunicación confiable
 * 
 * [3] GESTIÓN DE ENERGÍA:
 * - Optimizados para operación con batería (3000mAh)
 * - Modos de bajo consumo entre transmisiones
 * 
 * PARA INSTRUCCIONES COMPLETAS DE CONFIGURACIÓN:
 * Por favor, mira el video tutorial en: https://youtu.be/IsOSvrF60J4
 * Página de recursos para este video: https://robojax.com/RJT642
 * =====================================================================
 * 
 * RENUNCIA:
 * Este código se proporciona "TAL CUAL" sin garantía de ningún tipo. El autor
 * no será responsable por daños que surjan del uso de este código.
 * 
 * LICENCIA:
 * Esta obra está licenciada bajo la Licencia Pública General GNU v3.0
 * Permisos más allá del alcance de esta licencia pueden estar disponibles en Robojax.com
 * 
 * TÉRMINOS DE COMPARTICIÓN:
 * Eres libre de compartir, copiar y modificar este código para fines no comerciales
 * SIEMPRE QUE:
 * 1. Mantengas este bloque de comentarios intacto con el código original
 * 2. Incluyas el enlace original de Robojax.com
 * 3. Mantengas el enlace del tutorial de YouTube (si aplica)
 * 4. Indiques claramente cualquier modificación realizada
 * 
 * /
 * // Bibliotecas centrales de Heltec y display
 */
#include <Wire.h>
#include "HT_SSD1306Wire.h"
#include "WiFi.h"

 // Bibliotecas de LoRa y seguridad
#include "LoRaWan_APP.h"
#include "mbedtls/aes.h"
#include <cstring>

 // La biblioteca de codificador rotatorio aprobada por el usuario
#include "AiEsp32RotaryEncoder.h"

 // --- DEFINICIONES Y CONFIGURACIÓN DE PIN ---
static SSD1306Wire  display(0x3c, 500000, SDA_OLED, SCL_OLED, GEOMETRY_128_64, RST_OLED);

#define ROTARY_ENCODER_A_PIN 5 // pín A del codificador rotatorio
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_B_PIN 6 // pin B del codificador rotatorio
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_BUTTON_PIN 4 // pin de conmutación del codificador rotativo

#define RF_FREQUENCY 915432000 // frecuencia de operación de LoRa
#define TX_OUTPUT_POWER 20 // la potencia de salida debe estar entre 2 y 21 en dBm.
const char *userKey = "wahJ8uy$gt~_3r"; // clave de seguridad para comunicación privada

#define ROTARY_ENCODER_VCC_PIN -1
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_STEPS 4

 // --- PARÁMETROS LORA ---
#define LORA_BANDWIDTH 0
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR 7
#define LORA_CODINGRATE 1
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH 8
#define LORA_SYMBOL_TIMEOUT 0
#define LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON false
#define LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON false
#define BUFFER_SIZE 256

#define USER_BUTTON_PIN 0
 // --- VARIABLES Y ESTADO GLOBAL ---
enum AppState { COMPOSING, READING };
AppState currentState = COMPOSING;
String messageToCompose = "";
String lastReceivedMessage = "No messages yet.";
bool hasUnreadMessage = false;
volatile bool newPacketAvailable = false;
char rxpacket[BUFFER_SIZE];
AiEsp32RotaryEncoder rotaryEncoder = AiEsp32RotaryEncoder(ROTARY_ENCODER_A_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_B_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_BUTTON_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_VCC_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_STEPS);
const char* charset = " ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789.,!?>";
char selectedChar;
static RadioEvents_t RadioEvents;
bool lora_idle = true;

mbedtls_aes_context aes;
unsigned long shortPressAfterMiliseconds = 50;
unsigned long longPressAfterMiliseconds = 1000;
unsigned long doubleClickTimeout = 400;
static unsigned long buttonDownTime = 0;
static unsigned long buttonUpTime = 0;
static bool buttonWasDown = false;
static bool doubleClickWaiting = false;

 // --- PROTOTIPOS DE FUNCIÓN ---
void OnTxDone(void);
void OnTxTimeout(void);
void OnRxDone(uint8_t *payload, uint16_t size, int16_t rssi, int8_t snr);
void encryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key);
void decryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key);
void processKey(const char *userKey, uint8_t *processedKey, size_t keySize);
void updateDisplay();
void sendData();
void VextON(void);
void processButton();

 // --- ROUTINAS DE SERVICIO DE INTERRUPCIÓN ---
void IRAM_ATTR readEncoderISR() {
  rotaryEncoder.readEncoder_ISR();
}

 // --- ACCIONES DEL MANIPULADOR DE BOTONES ---
void on_button_short_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  if (selectedChar == '>') {
      sendData();
  } else {
    messageToCompose += selectedChar;
  }
  updateDisplay();
}
void on_button_long_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  messageToCompose += " ";
  updateDisplay();
}
void on_button_double_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  if (messageToCompose.length() > 0) {
    messageToCompose.remove(messageToCompose.length() - 1);
  }
  updateDisplay();
}

 // --- CONFIGURACIÓN ---
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  Serial.println("LoRa Keyboard Transceiver - Definitive Version");

  VextON();
  delay(100);
  Mcu.begin(HELTEC_BOARD,SLOW_CLK_TPYE);
  WiFi.mode(WIFI_OFF);
  btStop();

  display.init();
  display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);

  rotaryEncoder.begin();
  rotaryEncoder.setup(readEncoderISR);
  rotaryEncoder.setBoundaries(0, strlen(charset) - 1, true);
  rotaryEncoder.disableAcceleration();

  pinMode(USER_BUTTON_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);

  RadioEvents.TxDone = OnTxDone;
  RadioEvents.TxTimeout = OnTxTimeout;
  RadioEvents.RxDone = OnRxDone;
  Radio.Init(&RadioEvents);
  Radio.SetChannel(RF_FREQUENCY);

  Radio.SetRxConfig(MODEM_LORA, LORA_BANDWIDTH, LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR,
                   LORA_CODINGRATE, 0, LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH,
                   LORA_SYMBOL_TIMEOUT, LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON,
                   0, true, 0, 0, LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON, true);

  updateDisplay();
}

 // --- BUCLE PRINCIPAL ---
void loop() {
  if(lora_idle) {
    lora_idle = false;
    Serial.println("Entering RX mode...");
    Radio.Rx(0);
  }
  Radio.IrqProcess();

  if (newPacketAvailable) {
    newPacketAvailable = false;
    hasUnreadMessage = true;
    lastReceivedMessage = String(rxpacket);
    Serial.print("Received Decrypted Message: ");
    Serial.println(lastReceivedMessage);
    updateDisplay();
  }

  if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
    if (rotaryEncoder.encoderChanged()) {
      updateDisplay();
    }
    processButton();
  }

  if (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW) {
    delay(50);
    if (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW) {
      if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
        if (lastReceivedMessage != "No messages yet.") {
          currentState = READING;
          hasUnreadMessage = false;
          updateDisplay();
        }
      } else {
        currentState = COMPOSING;
        updateDisplay();
      }
      while (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW);
    }
  }

  delay(10);
}

 // --- CONTROLADORES Y AYUDANTES DE LORA ---
void OnTxDone(void) {
  Serial.println("TX done.");
  Radio.Sleep();
  lora_idle = true;
}
void OnTxTimeout(void) {
  Serial.println("TX Timeout.");
  Radio.Sleep();
  lora_idle = true;
}
void OnRxDone(uint8_t *payload, uint16_t size, int16_t rssi, int8_t snr) {
    Radio.Sleep();
    memset(rxpacket, 0, sizeof(rxpacket));
    memcpy(rxpacket, payload, size > BUFFER_SIZE ? BUFFER_SIZE : size);
    decryptAES((uint8_t*)rxpacket, userKey);
    newPacketAvailable = true;
    lora_idle = true;
}

void sendData() {
  if (messageToCompose.length() > 0) {
    lora_idle = false;

    Radio.SetTxConfig(MODEM_LORA, TX_OUTPUT_POWER, 0, LORA_BANDWIDTH,
                   LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR, LORA_CODINGRATE,
                   LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH, LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON,
                   true, 0, 0, LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON, 3000);

    uint8_t data[BUFFER_SIZE];
    memset(data, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
    strncpy((char*)data, messageToCompose.c_str(), BUFFER_SIZE - 1);

    encryptAES(data, userKey);

    Serial.print("Sending message: ");
    Serial.println(messageToCompose);

    Radio.Send(data, 16);

    messageToCompose = "";
  }
}

 // --- LÓGICA DE DISPLAY Y BOTONES ---
void updateDisplay() {
  display.clear();
  display.setTextAlignment(TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT);

  if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
    selectedChar = charset[rotaryEncoder.readEncoder()];
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);

 // --- ESTA ES LA SOLUCIÓN para la notificación ---
    String msgLabel;
    if (hasUnreadMessage) {
        msgLabel = ">> NEW MSG <<"; // Haz que la notificación sea muy obvia.
    } else {
        msgLabel = "Msg:";
    }
    display.drawStringMaxWidth(0, 0, 128, msgLabel + " " + messageToCompose);

    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_16);
    int16_t labelWidth = display.getStringWidth("Select: ");
    display.drawString(0, 35, "Select: ");
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_24);
    display.drawString(labelWidth, 32, String(selectedChar));
  } else { // estadoActual == LECTURA
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_16);
    display.drawString(0, 0, "Received:");
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);
    display.drawStringMaxWidth(0, 18, 128, lastReceivedMessage);
  }

  display.display();
}

void processButton() {
    if (doubleClickWaiting && (millis() - buttonUpTime > doubleClickTimeout)) {
        doubleClickWaiting = false;
        on_button_short_click();
    }
    bool isButtonDown = rotaryEncoder.isEncoderButtonDown();
    if (isButtonDown && !buttonWasDown) {
        buttonDownTime = millis();
        buttonWasDown = true;
    }
    else if (!isButtonDown && buttonWasDown) {
        unsigned long pressDuration = millis() - buttonDownTime;
        if (pressDuration >= longPressAfterMiliseconds) {
            on_button_long_click();
            doubleClickWaiting = false;
        }
        else if (pressDuration >= shortPressAfterMiliseconds) {
            if (doubleClickWaiting) {
                on_button_double_click();
                doubleClickWaiting = false;
            } else {
                doubleClickWaiting = true;
                buttonUpTime = millis();
            }
        }
        buttonWasDown = false;
    }
}

 // --- UTILIDADES ---
void VextON(void) {
  pinMode(Vext,OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(Vext, LOW);
}
void processKey(const char *userKey, uint8_t *processedKey, size_t keySize) {
    memset(processedKey, 0, keySize);
    size_t len = strlen(userKey);
    if (len > keySize) len = keySize;
    memcpy(processedKey, userKey, len);
}
void encryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key) {
    uint8_t processedKey[16];
    processKey(key, processedKey, 16);
    mbedtls_aes_init(&aes);
    mbedtls_aes_setkey_enc(&aes, processedKey, 128);
    mbedtls_aes_crypt_ecb(&aes, MBEDTLS_AES_ENCRYPT, data, data);
    mbedtls_aes_free(&aes);
}
void decryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key) {
    uint8_t processedKey[16];
    processKey(key, processedKey, 16);
    mbedtls_aes_init(&aes);
    mbedtls_aes_setkey_dec(&aes, processedKey, 128);
    mbedtls_aes_crypt_ecb(&aes, MBEDTLS_AES_DECRYPT, data, data);
    mbedtls_aes_free(&aes);
}
786-Secure, Long-Range LoRa Chat Device Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 with buzzer
Idioma: C++
/*
 * Proyecto ESP32: Construye un dispositivo de chat LoRa seguro y de largo alcance Heltec WiFi LoRa 32
 * 
 * Archivo: Heltec_ESP32_LoRa_V3_chat_TX_RX_buzzer.ino
 * Escrito el 29 de junio de 2025 por Ahmad Shamshiri www.Roboajx.com
 * Vea el videotutorial en: https://youtu.be/IsOSvrF60J4
 * Página de recursos para este video: https://robojax.com/RJT642
 * 
 * =========================================================================
 * DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CÓDIGO ARDUINO: Transceptor de teclado LoRa seguro (chat) Sistema)
 * =======================================================================
 * 
 * COMPONENTES DE HARDWARE:
 * -------------------
 * - Controlador principal: Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3
 * - Carcasa: Meshnology N33 con batería de 3000 mAh
 * - Entrada: Codificador rotatorio con pulsador
 * - Sonido: Zumbador activo (conectado al pin 40)
 * - Retroalimentación: Pantalla OLED integrada
 * 
 * FUNCIONALIDAD DEL SISTEMA:
 * -------------------
 * NUEVOS CONTROLES:
 * - Perilla giratoria: Seleccionar carácter.
 * - Pulsación corta (clic): Añadir carácter seleccionado.
 * - Pulsación larga (mantener): Insertar un espacio (como la barra espaciadora).
 * - Doble clic: Retroceso.
 * 
 * [2] TRANSMISIÓN INALÁMBRICA SEGURA:
 * - Todos los mensajes se cifran antes de la transmisión LoRa
 * - El comando de posición inicial se transmite como un paquete seguro especial
 * - Utiliza la banda LoRa de 433 MHz/915 MHz para una comunicación fiable
 * 
 * [3] GESTIÓN DE ENERGÍA:
 * - Optimizado para funcionar con batería (3000 mAh)
 * - Modos de bajo consumo entre transmisiones
 * 
 * PARA INSTRUCCIONES DE INSTALACIÓN COMPLETAS:
 * Vea el videotutorial en: https://youtu.be/IsOSvrF60J4
 * Página de recursos para este video: https://robojax.com/RJT642
 * ==============================================================================
 * 
 * DESCARGO DE RESPONSABILIDAD:
 * Este código se proporciona "TAL CUAL", sin garantía de ningún tipo. El autor no se responsabiliza de ningún daño derivado del uso de este código.
 * 
 * LICENCIA:
 * Esta obra está licenciada bajo la Licencia Pública General GNU v3.0. Permisos adicionales al alcance de esta licencia pueden estar disponibles en Robojax.com.
 * 
 * TÉRMINOS DE COMPARTICIÓN:
 * Puede compartir, copiar y modificar este código con fines no comerciales, siempre y cuando:
 * 1. Mantenga el bloque de comentarios intacto con el código original.
 * 2. Incluya el enlace original a Robojax.com.
 * 3. Conserve el enlace del tutorial de YouTube (si corresponde).
 * 4. Indique claramente cualquier modificación realizada.
 * 
 * /
 * // Bibliotecas de Core Heltec y de visualización.
 */
#include <Wire.h>
#include "HT_SSD1306Wire.h"
#include "WiFi.h"

 // LoRa y bibliotecas de seguridad
#include "LoRaWan_APP.h"
#include "mbedtls/aes.h"
#include <cstring>

 // La biblioteca de codificadores rotatorios aprobada por el usuario
#include "AiEsp32RotaryEncoder.h"

 // --- DEFINICIONES Y CONFIGURACIÓN DE PIN ---
static SSD1306Wire  display(0x3c, 500000, SDA_OLED, SCL_OLED, GEOMETRY_128_64, RST_OLED);

#define ROTARY_ENCODER_A_PIN 5 // pin A del codificador rotatorio
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_B_PIN 6 // pin B del codificador rotatorio
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_BUTTON_PIN 4 // pin de conmutación del codificador rotatorio

#define BUZZER_PIN 40 // El pin del zumbador o relé que se va a activar
const bool DEBUG = false;

#define RF_FREQUENCY 915432000 // frecuencia de funcionamiento de LoRa
#define TX_OUTPUT_POWER 2 // La potencia de salida debe estar entre 2 y 21 dBm.
const char *userKey = "wahJ8uy$gt~_3r"; // clave de seguridad para la comunicación privada

#define ROTARY_ENCODER_VCC_PIN -1
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_STEPS 4

 // --- PARÁMETROS DE LORA ---
#define LORA_BANDWIDTH 0
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR 7
#define LORA_CODINGRATE 1
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH 8
#define LORA_SYMBOL_TIMEOUT 0
#define LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON false
#define LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON false
#define BUFFER_SIZE 256

#define LOOP_DELAY 10
 // Variables de estado del zumbador
unsigned long buzzerStartTime = 0;
bool isBuzzerActive = false;
int beepPhase = 0; // 0=inactivo, 1=primer pitido, 2=pausa, 3=segundo pitido

#define USER_BUTTON_PIN 0
 // --- VARIABLES GLOBALES Y ESTADO ---
enum AppState { COMPOSING, READING };
AppState currentState = COMPOSING;
String messageToCompose = "";
String lastReceivedMessage = "No messages yet.";
bool hasUnreadMessage = false;
volatile bool newPacketAvailable = false;
char rxpacket[BUFFER_SIZE];
AiEsp32RotaryEncoder rotaryEncoder = AiEsp32RotaryEncoder(ROTARY_ENCODER_A_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_B_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_BUTTON_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_VCC_PIN, ROTARY_ENCODER_STEPS);
const char* charset = " ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789.,!?>";
char selectedChar;
static RadioEvents_t RadioEvents;
bool lora_idle = true;

mbedtls_aes_context aes;
unsigned long shortPressAfterMiliseconds = 50;
unsigned long longPressAfterMiliseconds = 1000;
unsigned long doubleClickTimeout = 400;
static unsigned long buttonDownTime = 0;
static unsigned long buttonUpTime = 0;
static bool buttonWasDown = false;
static bool doubleClickWaiting = false;

 // --- PROTOTIPOS DE FUNCIONES ---
void OnTxDone(void);
void OnTxTimeout(void);
void OnRxDone(uint8_t *payload, uint16_t size, int16_t rssi, int8_t snr);
void encryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key);
void decryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key);
void processKey(const char *userKey, uint8_t *processedKey, size_t keySize);
void updateDisplay();
void sendData();
void VextON(void);
void processButton();
void buzzer();
void updateBuzzer();


 // --- RUTINAS DE SERVICIO DE INTERRUPCIÓN ---
void IRAM_ATTR readEncoderISR() {
  rotaryEncoder.readEncoder_ISR();
}

 // --- ACCIONES DEL MANEJADOR DE BOTONES ---
void on_button_short_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  if (selectedChar == '>') {
      sendData();
  } else {
    messageToCompose += selectedChar;
  }
  updateDisplay();
}
void on_button_long_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  messageToCompose += " ";
  updateDisplay();
}
void on_button_double_click() {
  if (currentState != COMPOSING) return;
  if (messageToCompose.length() > 0) {
    messageToCompose.remove(messageToCompose.length() - 1);
  }
  updateDisplay();
}

 // --- CONFIGURACIÓN ---
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  Serial.println("LoRa Keyboard Transceiver - By Robojax");

  VextON();
  delay(100);
  Mcu.begin(HELTEC_BOARD,SLOW_CLK_TPYE);
  WiFi.mode(WIFI_OFF);
  btStop();

  display.init();
  display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);

  rotaryEncoder.begin();
  rotaryEncoder.setup(readEncoderISR);
  rotaryEncoder.setBoundaries(0, strlen(charset) - 1, true);
  rotaryEncoder.disableAcceleration();

  pinMode(USER_BUTTON_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(BUZZER_PIN, OUTPUT);

  RadioEvents.TxDone = OnTxDone;
  RadioEvents.TxTimeout = OnTxTimeout;
  RadioEvents.RxDone = OnRxDone;
  Radio.Init(&RadioEvents);
  Radio.SetChannel(RF_FREQUENCY);

  Radio.SetRxConfig(MODEM_LORA, LORA_BANDWIDTH, LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR,
                   LORA_CODINGRATE, 0, LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH,
                   LORA_SYMBOL_TIMEOUT, LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON,
                   0, true, 0, 0, LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON, true);

  updateDisplay();
}

 // --- BUCLE PRINCIPAL ---
void loop() {
  if(lora_idle) {
    lora_idle = false;
    if(DEBUG)
    {
    Serial.println("Entering RX mode...");
    }

    Radio.Rx(0);
  }
  Radio.IrqProcess();

  if (newPacketAvailable) {
    newPacketAvailable = false;
    hasUnreadMessage = true;
    lastReceivedMessage = String(rxpacket);
    if(DEBUG)
    {
    Serial.print("Received Decrypted Message: ");
    Serial.println(lastReceivedMessage);
    }
    updateDisplay();
    buzzer();
  }

  if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
    if (rotaryEncoder.encoderChanged()) {
      updateDisplay();
    }
    processButton();
  }

  if (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW) {
    delay(50);
    if (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW) {
      if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
        if (lastReceivedMessage != "No messages yet.") {
          currentState = READING;
          hasUnreadMessage = false;
          updateDisplay();
        }
      } else {
        currentState = COMPOSING;
        updateDisplay();
      }
      while (digitalRead(USER_BUTTON_PIN) == LOW);
    }
  }

  updateBuzzer(); // Actualizar el estado del zumbador (sin bloqueo)
  delay(LOOP_DELAY); // Su retraso de bucle de 10 ms
}

 // --- MANEJADORES DE EVENTOS Y AYUDANTES DE LORA ---
void OnTxDone(void) {
    if(DEBUG)
    {
      Serial.println("TX done.");
    }
  Radio.Sleep();
  lora_idle = true;
}
void OnTxTimeout(void) {
    if(DEBUG)
    {
      Serial.println("TX Timeout.");
    }
  Radio.Sleep();
  lora_idle = true;
}
void OnRxDone(uint8_t *payload, uint16_t size, int16_t rssi, int8_t snr) {
    Radio.Sleep();
    memset(rxpacket, 0, sizeof(rxpacket));
    memcpy(rxpacket, payload, size > BUFFER_SIZE ? BUFFER_SIZE : size);
    decryptAES((uint8_t*)rxpacket, userKey);
    newPacketAvailable = true;
    lora_idle = true;
}

void sendData() {
  if (messageToCompose.length() > 0) {
    lora_idle = false;

    Radio.SetTxConfig(MODEM_LORA, TX_OUTPUT_POWER, 0, LORA_BANDWIDTH,
                   LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR, LORA_CODINGRATE,
                   LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH, LORA_FIX_LENGTH_PAYLOAD_ON,
                   true, 0, 0, LORA_IQ_INVERSION_ON, 3000);

    uint8_t data[BUFFER_SIZE];
    memset(data, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
    strncpy((char*)data, messageToCompose.c_str(), BUFFER_SIZE - 1);

    encryptAES(data, userKey);
    if(DEBUG)
    {
    Serial.print("Sending message: ");
    Serial.println(messageToCompose);
    }

    Radio.Send(data, 16);

    messageToCompose = "";
  }
}

 // --- LÓGICA DE PANTALLA Y BOTONES ---
void updateDisplay() {
  display.clear();
  display.setTextAlignment(TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT);

  if (currentState == COMPOSING) {
    selectedChar = charset[rotaryEncoder.readEncoder()];
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);

 // --- ESTA ES LA SOLUCIÓN para la notificación ---
    String msgLabel;
    if (hasUnreadMessage) {
        msgLabel = ">> NEW MSG <<"; // Haga que la notificación sea muy obvia
    } else {
        msgLabel = "Msg:";
    }
    display.drawStringMaxWidth(0, 0, 128, msgLabel + " " + messageToCompose);

    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_16);
    int16_t labelWidth = display.getStringWidth("Select: ");
    display.drawString(0, 35, "Select: ");
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_24);
    display.drawString(labelWidth, 32, String(selectedChar));
  } else { // estadoActual == LECTURA
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_16);
    display.drawString(0, 0, "Received:");
    display.setFont(ArialMT_Plain_10);
    display.drawStringMaxWidth(0, 18, 128, lastReceivedMessage);
  }

  display.display();
}

void processButton() {
    if (doubleClickWaiting && (millis() - buttonUpTime > doubleClickTimeout)) {
        doubleClickWaiting = false;
        on_button_short_click();
    }
    bool isButtonDown = rotaryEncoder.isEncoderButtonDown();
    if (isButtonDown && !buttonWasDown) {
        buttonDownTime = millis();
        buttonWasDown = true;
    }
    else if (!isButtonDown && buttonWasDown) {
        unsigned long pressDuration = millis() - buttonDownTime;
        if (pressDuration >= longPressAfterMiliseconds) {
            on_button_long_click();
            doubleClickWaiting = false;
        }
        else if (pressDuration >= shortPressAfterMiliseconds) {
            if (doubleClickWaiting) {
                on_button_double_click();
                doubleClickWaiting = false;
            } else {
                doubleClickWaiting = true;
                buttonUpTime = millis();
            }
        }
        buttonWasDown = false;
    }
}


void buzzer()
{
  if (!isBuzzerActive) {
    isBuzzerActive = true;
    buzzerStartTime = millis(); // Iniciar secuencia de timbre
    beepPhase = 1; // Primer pitido
    digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);
  }
}
void updateBuzzer() {
  if (!isBuzzerActive) return;

  unsigned long currentTime = millis();
  unsigned long elapsed = currentTime - buzzerStartTime;

  switch (beepPhase) {
    case 1: // Primer pitido (300 ms encendido)
      if (elapsed >= 300) {
        digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);
        buzzerStartTime = currentTime;
        beepPhase = 2; // Mover para pausar
      }
      break;

    case 2: // Pausa (200 ms APAGADO)
      if (elapsed >= 200) {
        digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, HIGH);
        buzzerStartTime = currentTime;
        beepPhase = 3; // Pasar al segundo pitido
      }
      break;

    case 3: // Segundo pitido (300 ms activado)
      if (elapsed >= 300) {
        digitalWrite(BUZZER_PIN, LOW);
        isBuzzerActive = false; // Reiniciar
        beepPhase = 0;
      }
      break;
  }
}
 // --- UTILIDADES ---
void VextON(void) {
  pinMode(Vext,OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(Vext, LOW);
}
void processKey(const char *userKey, uint8_t *processedKey, size_t keySize) {
    memset(processedKey, 0, keySize);
    size_t len = strlen(userKey);
    if (len > keySize) len = keySize;
    memcpy(processedKey, userKey, len);
}
void encryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key) {
    uint8_t processedKey[16];
    processKey(key, processedKey, 16);
    mbedtls_aes_init(&aes);
    mbedtls_aes_setkey_enc(&aes, processedKey, 128);
    mbedtls_aes_crypt_ecb(&aes, MBEDTLS_AES_ENCRYPT, data, data);
    mbedtls_aes_free(&aes);
}
void decryptAES(uint8_t *data, const char *key) {
    uint8_t processedKey[16];
    processKey(key, processedKey, 16);
    mbedtls_aes_init(&aes);
    mbedtls_aes_setkey_dec(&aes, processedKey, 128);
    mbedtls_aes_crypt_ecb(&aes, MBEDTLS_AES_DECRYPT, data, data);
    mbedtls_aes_free(&aes);
}

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